What characterizes high risk and high costs in relation to the program WBS?

The correct choice regarding what characterizes high risk and high costs in relation to the program Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is increased complexity.

High complexity in a program's WBS typically involves intricate interdependencies, a wide array of components, and the integration of various technical elements. This complexity can lead to challenges in project management and execution, such as difficulties in scheduling, resource allocation, and coordination among team members. As the number of elements and the intricacy of their relationships increase, so too does the likelihood of unforeseen issues arising, which can significantly drive up both the risk of project failure and the associated costs.

Complex programs often require more specialized skills, more extensive planning, and comprehensive oversight, all of which contribute to higher expenses. Consequently, the management of complex projects becomes more challenging and risky, thus leading to an increase in both risk and costs. In contrast, factors like fewer contractors involved, limited project scope, or restricted resources may present their own challenges but do not inherently relate to the increased risks and costs that arise from complexity in the program WBS.